Numb. 12. Saturday, January 26. 1706. [Heading as at 1 January 1706] @ Jimmy Page

Numb. 12. Saturday, January 26. 1706. [Heading as at 1 January 1706]

3:68

I Have in the two last Reviews, brought the History of our fashionable Extravagancies down to the present time; let it be Originally Luxuriant or what it will;
- 我在上次的兩篇評論中，把我們的時尚奢侈的歷史歸結到現在;讓它最初華麗或它將會;

3:68 去改變人民的衣裝習慣我也不知道是不是好事還是別去管比較好。幻想想像力還是都不要去改變比較好。

I cannot say it would be prudent, to reduce Habit, or Customs in Apparel to any stated Form; no, nor altogether to Suppress the Variety and Liberty we give to our Fancy, to guide, change, and direct our Customs in Apparel; what may be said to the thing as a Vanity, or Criminal Luxury, indeed I do not determine here;
- 我不認為減少對任何形式的服裝的習慣或風俗是種審慎的做法，以;不，也不能完全壓制我們對幻想的多樣性和自由，去引導改變和指導我們的服飾習俗；隨便你們說這是種虛榮心Vanity或是犯罪的奢侈品Criminal Luxury，我在這裡並沒有定論;

3:68 談到貿易時就先把奢華的「小邪惡」放一邊。因為奢華產業雇用的人實在很多

but speaking of Trade, Abstractedly consider'd, I am sure I am in the right, that a Limitation of Fashions, would be Ruinous and Destructive, not only to the particular Tradesmen, whose Employment lay in some Manufactures that were more than ordinarily affected by it; but to Trade in General, to the Gross of the Consumption, and to the General Expence.
- 但是說到貿易，我確信我是對的，對Fashions的限制，不僅對特定的商人來說是毀滅性的，對於商人整體而言同樣是毀滅性的，他們的就業生計在某些製造業中受到的影響，而且對於總消費還有總費用都有很大影響。（to Trade in General, to the Gross of the Consumption, and to the General Expence）。

3:68

From hence 'tis plain, that in Scotland, in Spain, Portugal, and other Foreign Parts, where their Habits are National, known, constant, and without or with but small Variation; they never arrive to any considerable Magnitude in Trade;
- 因此，在蘇格蘭、西班牙、葡萄牙和其他外國地方，他們的國家的習慣都是已知的、不變的，沒有或只有微小的變化;他們在貿易上considerable Magnitude從未達到相當大的規模;

3:68 現在衣服被丟掉不是因為衣服壞掉，而是因為不再流行。

the reason is plain, every one knows what to wear, Ascertains his Expence, and wears Garments to their due Extents; the Cloths thrown by in England not for their being worn out, but meerly for their being out of Fashion, is incredible, and perhaps are Equivalent to the general Cloathing Expence of some Nations. And this is a very Good Proof of the Justice of the Complaint of our Mercers, Lacemen, and other Shop-Keepers, whose Case I have a little consider'd, against the frequency and continuance of Publick Mourning.
- 原因很簡單，每個人都知道該穿什麼，確定他的消費，穿衣服到他們應得的範圍;這些衣服是在英國的話會被英國人扔掉，不是因為他們已經穿破了而是因為他們已經過時了，這是不可思議的，也許和一些國家的普遍的衣服花費general Cloathing Expence是一樣的。這是一個很好的證據，證明了我們的Mercers, Lacemen，和其他店主的抱怨，他們的狀況，值得我們稍微思考一下，反對公眾哀悼的頻率和持續。

3:68 現在流行黑色的喪服，所以讓許多產業都只穿黑色的反而傷害了許多產業。這是因為學習皇家服飾所導致的。這反而壓抑惡我們的fancy and fashion.

The Excess of that Unhappy Humour, for I can call it no other, was grown up to such a degree, that it was in a fair way to blow us all up in Trade, and for some Years together, we had such frequent and continued Publick Mournings, that Black seem'd the Universal Mode,
- 多餘的Unhappy Humour,長大到這樣的程度,它是在一個公平的辦法來打擊我們在貿易,和多年在一起,我們有這樣的頻繁和持續的哀悼儀式，黑色是普遍模式,

and all the Trades which depended upon Fancy, Fashion, and Gayety of Habit, began to be Threatned with a kind of Banishment, or being Voted useless in the Nation.
- 所有依賴於習慣的花式，時尚和同性戀的行業開始受到某種放逐的威脅，或者在民族中被投票無用。

3:68 有人會說貴的衣服

Some have had the Vanity to say, it was a Modest Decent Garb, would prevent a great deal of Pride and Vanity, and the Luxuriant Excesses of the Age would receive a great Blow by it; and the Wise Arguments of a certain Gentleman,while the Committee of Parliament Examin'd this Case, were very significant that way;[1]
- 有些人的虛榮心說，這是一種樸素的體面的裝束，可以防止大量的驕傲和虛榮心，而且年齡上的奢侈無度也會受到很大的打擊；而一個紳士的明智的論點，而國會的委員會，在這種情況下，是非常重要的;[1]
- - 1. Gentleman: unidentified.

3:68 驕傲自愛就是被流行所操控模仿

I confess, if our Pride and National Errors, lay wholly or chiefly in the Fashions of our Habits, Something might be said, but as we see the same Pride, Vanity, and Folly, in the Black Garb of a seeming Mourning,
- 我承認，如果我們的驕傲和民族的錯誤，完全或主要是在我們的習慣的時尚中，也許會說，但是當我們在一種看似哀傷的黑色裝束中看到同樣的驕傲、虛榮和愚蠢。

3:68 就算是換成黑色喪服一樣的事情驕傲自愛還是存在

and the Evil not a jot Cur'd, it would be a Novelty of Nonsence, to [69] keep the Vice, and lose the Trade too;
- 而邪惡完全沒有因此被矯正過來，它將是一種不受歡迎的新奇事物，[69]保持邪惡，同時也失去交易;（一點道理都沒有，邪惡還是存在，但是造成更多人的傷害）

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Review, Vol. Ill Numb. 12. 26 January 1706

3:69 商人的抗議完全正當沒問題。

I cannot but therefore Acquiesce [默许] with the Case of the Tradesmen, own the Grievance to Trade is Intollerable, and merits the Consideration of the Government; and tho' some of the following Reasons are included in the Petitioners Case, deliver'd to the House of Commons, [2]
- *我不得不默許貿易商的情況，承認他們貿易的不滿是無法容忍的，值得政府考慮;而一些理由被包括在請願者的案件中，送到下議院，[2]
- - 2 the Petitioners Case: A 'Petition of the Mercers, Lacemen, Woollen-drapers, Milliners, and other Traders' praying for a Bill to regulate 'public mournings for foreign Princes' was presented to the Commons on 10 January 1706 Journals of the House of Commons, 15, p. 81). It was referred to a committee whose report on 15 March 1706 the House then declined to hear (pp. cit, 15, p. 189).

3:69

yet I cannot think it improper to Repeat them; to preserve the real heads of the Grievance, as the true Grounds of its being Redress'd.
- 但我不能認為多次重申這些點是不恰當的;保護真正的不滿者，作為其糾正的真正理由。

3:69

I do not say these Heads contain all the Reasons, why a Regulation of Publick Mournings should be made; but as these are the most Essential Arguments, I believe they carry their own weight in them; and after they are consider'd, I shall proceed to Examine, what may be the most proper Remedies of this Mischief.
- *我不认为这些Heads包含了所有的要對公眾的哀悼作出規定的理由；但由於這些是最基本的論點，我相信它們本身就有分量;在他們被考慮之後，我將著手調查，什麼是這種錯誤發展最適當的補救措施。

3:69 喪禮太長了。對於商業等等都有影響。像是商業的中斷等對於需要工作薪水的窮人很有傷害。

1. These Mournings have of late been more frequent, and of longer Continuance than ever was known or practis'd; and the Humour daily encreasing, and the Prospect of its Continuance too great, the Grievance, which, when seldom happening, was but small, is become disasterous to Families, destructive to Trade, Ruinous and Intolerable to the Poor.
- 1 這些哀悼的時間比以往任何時候都更加頻繁，而且持續的時間也比以往任何時候都多;而這種幽默每天都在增加，而且它的持續的前景也太大了，這種不滿，在很少發生的情況下，是很小的，對家庭來說是災難性的，對貿易是毀滅性的，對窮人來說是毀滅性的，是無法忍受的。

3:69 這些哀悼儀式對於許多行業都有傷害。尤其對於某些有格外的傷害

2. These Mournings are particularly destructive to some Trades more than others, and no equivalent Advantage to any;
- 2.這些哀悼對某些行業來說特別具有破壞性，對其他任何行業都沒有同等的優勢;

3: 69 對很多產業都有傷害。對於國家的商業普遍都有傷害。（Lessening the General Expence）

whereby they become the more a Grievance. A General Blow to Trade is felt by all the Parts, and every one bears their Share with the more Ease; but this entirely distresses some particular Manufactures, and is not at the same time advantageous to others, being in it self a Lessening the General Expence, which is the Life of Trade.
- 這樣他們就會變得更委屈。所有的部分都能感受到對貿易的普遍打擊，每個人都能更輕鬆地承擔自己的責任;但這完全是對某些特定的製造業的壓力，在同一時間也不對別人有利，在它本身就減少了整體性一般的消費，這就是貿易的生命。

3: 69 沒有人要穿我們的羊毛

3. The Woollen Manufactures worn in these Mournings are so small, compar'd to the Detriment it is to other Branches of Trade, That it is not worth Naming;
- 3.3.這些哀悼中穿的毛紡織品非常少，與其他貿易分支不同，它不值得一提;

3: 69 不只是羊毛，也因為這種對於亞麻黑色的新需求讓我們的絲織品等等銷量大量減低

On the other hand, The Lessening the Consumption of Silk, Silver Thread, Hair, and other Foreign Goods, for which our Woollen Manufactures are exported, makes it plain, that these Mournings are in their Consequences fatal to the Woollen Manufactures in General. [3]
- 另一方面，我们的羊毛制成品出口的丝绸、银线、头发和其他外國貨的消費減少了，這就說明，這些哀悼的結果對羊毛製品製造商來說是致命的。

3:69 所以許多行業都因此被傷害

4. The respective Trades depending upon the Common Customs of Dressing and Fashions in Apparel, are exceedingly distrest, and in part ruin'd, Multitudes of Flourishing Families reduc'd, and a General Obstruction or Embargo laid upon their Employments.
- 4。不同的行业，根据服装和服饰的普遍习俗，非常的痛苦，部分地，毀滅，許多繁榮的家庭減少，和一個普遍的阻礙或禁運使他們的工作。

3: 69 很多行業因為庫存過多等等的因素而深受打擊

5. 'Tis a most irreparable Damage to the Tradesmen and Shopkeepers, on whose Stocks the poorer sort of People are employ'd: who being oblig'd to provide large Quantities of Goods against the usual Season of Trade, by those unforeseen Accidents of Mourning, have all those Goods left on their Hands;
- 5。對商人和店主來說，這是一種最無法彌補的損失，因為他們的股票是窮人所雇傭的，他們會在通常的交易季節里，通過那些意料之外的喪事來提供大量的貨物，把所有的貨物交給他們;

3: 69 商品過季之後也就賣不出去了

the Channel of Trade turn'd from them, and the Demand being quite of another Nature, their Stocks lye dead 'till their Goods become unfashionable, by which they are unavoidably ruin'd, the Trade it self render'd hazardous and precarious, and Men of Stocks discourag'd from adventuring to employ the Poor.
- 貿易渠道轉向他們，而需求又是另一種自然，他們的庫存無法流通都死了，直到他們的貨物變得不合時宜，這些貨物不可避免地被毀壞，它自己的貿易危險和不穩定，和股市男人不敢冒險去僱傭窮人。

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Custom Review, Vol. Ill Numb. 12. 26 January 1706

3:70 這些人失業以後也都沒有別的工作可做，這需要國家的協助

6. The Condition of the Poor, who had their Employments and Subsistences under these Trades, is most sad and deplorable, and particularly deserves the Compassion of the Nation,
- * 6。窮人的情況，他們在這些交易中有他們的工作和生活，是最可悲和可悲的，尤其值得國家的同情，

3:70 他們失業數以千地的人失去工作這非常危險

their Trade being lost, to which Thousands of them having been bred up, know not what else to turn their Hands to; the particular Advantage to the Nation by some of those Employments, in setting to work Children very young, Women, and impotent Persons, which cannot be done in other Works, exposes them to terrible Distresses and inevitable Poverty.
- 他们失去了他們的貿易，成千上萬的人已經長大了，他們不知道還有什麼可以轉手的;這些就業的某些方面對國家的特殊好處，使非常年輕兒童，婦女和無能的人都有工作，若是不能有其他工作成，他們將遭受可怕的痛苦和不可避免的貧窮。

3:70 窮人就業作為理由就是 Defo最經常用來辯護的說詞。

7. The Variety of these Trades, and the vast and incredible Number of Poor, who feel the miserable Effects of this Distress, are very considerable; such as all sorts of Silk-Weavers, Ribbon-Weavers, Silk-Throwers, Dyers and Spinners of Silk and Silver; together with the Merchants trading to Italy and Turkey, and the Woollen Manufacturers under them;
- 7。这些交易的種類繁多，而且數量龐大、數量驚人的窮人，他們將感到了這種痛苦，是相當可觀的；像各種各樣的絲織工、Ribbon-Weavers, 、Silk-Throwers,、紡織工和紡紗工;與貿易到意大利和土耳其的商人，和在他們下面的羊毛製造商;

3:70

the Fringe and Lace-Makers, Embroiderers, Thread-Men, Bone-Lace-Makers, Mercers, Lace-Men, Milliners「女帽販賣商」, Hosiers, &c. and by modest Computation above an Hundred Thousand Families of Poor employ'd by them, are the miserable Objects to move against this unhappy encreasing Custom, and the Starving Objects of Charity waiting for Redress of so ruinous a Disaster in Trade.
- 衣服等上的緣飾製造商和鞋帶製造商,工、Thread-Men Bone-Lace-Makers, Mercers, Lace-Men,Milliners「女帽販賣商」 Hosiers。通過對成千上萬的貧困家庭的精心計算，這些可憐的人就會反對這種不幸福的生活習俗，以及那些等待救濟的慈善機構，他們正在等待著一場毀滅性的貿易災难。

MISCELLANEA

3:70

I Would say nothing bitter in any Observation I shall make upon the Publick Affairs; but who can refrain noting the Behaviour of some Gentlemen upon the Message her Majesty has sent to the House about the Memorial, [3] and the Depositions on the Head pointing at, <&c.
- *我對Publick事務所做的任何觀察都不會感到痛苦; 但是誰不能注意到一些先生們對女王陛下寄給眾議院的信息[3]以及頭上的證詞指出的行為，<＆c。 *
- - 3 Message her Majesty has sent... about the Memorial: On 18 January 1706 Queen Anne sent a message to the House of Commons promising encouragement to anyone who discovered the author of the Memorial (see Review, vol 2, pp. 0000), to which the Commons replied by an Address of thanks. According to Boyer, on 15 January 1706 the Memorial printer David Edwards, under questioning, had named three members of the Commons as authors ('Mr P—ly, Mr. W—d and Sir H— M—'), but when no proof was forthcoming Henry Poley protested to the House 'That it was not usual to accuse Members of their House of being concern'd in any Thing to the Prejudice of the Government, without naming their Names' (Boyer, History, 4, pp. 218-19).
  - - Henry Poley (1654-1707), MP for Eye in Suffolk in 1689-95, West Looe in Cornwall in 1703-5 and Ipswich in Suffolk in 1706-7, was a High Church Tory.
    - John Ward (1671P-1741), MP for Newton in Lancashire in 1703-15 and Thetford in Norfolk in 1715-22, was also a Tory at this time (but later joined the Whigs).
    - The High Church champion Sir Humphrey Mackworth (1657-1727), MP for Cardiganshire in 1701, 1702-5 and 1710-13 and for Totnes in Devon in 1705-8, was a frequent target of Defoe’s criticism.

3:70

A fine way of fixing things upon Mankind, say our Gentlemen, by pointing at them; by which, when a whole Body is pointed at, any one may be meant, it had as good have been said, it pointed at somebody on the Exchange. Let us come to positive Proof, and bring them to justice; and when there is a legal Conviction of Fact, something may be said to it; but this is all raising Dust to point men out, and make them obnoxious.
- *通過指出他們，我們的先生們說，把事情固定在人類身上的一種很好的方式; 當整個機構指出的時候，任何一個可能都是有意義的，它已經說得很好，它指向了交易所的某個人。讓我們來積極證明，並將其繩之以法; 當有合法的信念時，可以對此作出一些說明; 但這一切都在提高灰塵以指出男人，並使他們討厭。

3:70

To this something may be needful to say; there are Legal Convictions, and Moral Convictions; Things may be brought to such a Certainty, that every Body may be Satisfied, the Fact is right plac'd, and yet no Legal Conviction be possible; the Law requires such Proof of Fact, as is by it self and its proper Rules prescrib'd;
- *對此可能需要說些什麼; 有法定信念和道德信念; 事情可能會帶來這樣的確定性，每個機構都可能會感到滿意，事實是正確的，但法律確信是不可能的; 法律要求事實證明，就像它自己和其規定的適當規則一樣;

3:70

and a Man may be so Guilty, that the Judge on the Bench, nay, the very Jury themselves, may be satisfied of his Guilt, and yet the Judge, as Judge, who is to proceed according to Law, and the Jury, as Men sworn to go according to Evidence, be under a Necessity of acquitting him.7"
- 一個人可能如此有罪，以至於陪審團的法官，即陪審團本身可能會對他的內疚感滿意，然而法官，作為法官，將依法和陪審團進行為男人按照證據宣誓就職，必須得到無罪釋放。

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Review, Vol. Ill Numb. 12. 26 January 1706

3:71

And, Gentlemen, if this be not sometimes the Case, what shall we say for those Gentlemen that brought in the Bill of Attainder against Sir John Fenwick? That he was Guilty, no Man made a Question; but whatever Jury had tried him, whatever Judge had been on the Bench, must have acquitted him; because the direct Demand of the Law in Cases of Treason could not be answered, one of the Evidence having absconded.
- *先生們，如果這種情況有時候不是案例，我們對那些提出反對約翰芬維克爵士法案的先生們說什麼？他是有罪的，沒有人提出過問題; 但無論陪審團是如何審判他的，無論法官在長椅上做什麼，都必須宣告無罪。因為“叛國案件法”的直接要求無法回答，其中一項證據已經潛逃。

3:71

Upon this, the House suffered the Moral Assurance of Guilt to answer the Legal Assurance, and thought it sufficient to take away that Gentleman's Life. Now, tho' there will I hope be no occasion for making Precedents in this Case; nor am I speaking with relation to judicial Process, yet without doubt a Moral Certainty of Fact in the Case of the Memorial, will answer some Ends, if it will not answer others; For Example,
- *在此之後，眾議院遭受了內疚的道德保證來回答法律保證，並認為這足以剝奪紳士的生活。現在，我希望在這種情況下不會有任何先例出現; 我也不是在談論與司法程序的關係，但毫無疑問，在紀念案件中的事實的道德上的確定性，如果不回答其他人，將會回答一些結論; 例如，

3:71

1. If it will not bring the Offenders to Justice, it will wipe off the Scandal, and vulgar Suspicions, from those that have hitherto been suspected, which, as our State-Memorial, has observ'd lies between a Duke, a Doctor, a Lawyer, and a Poet;4
- * 1.如果它不會將罪犯繩之以法，它將消除醜聞，以及那些迄今為止被懷疑的庸俗懷疑，它們作為我們國家的國家紀念碑在公爵之間留下了謊言，醫生，律師和詩人; 4

3:71

General Calumny is too apt in our Age to fix Scandal just where the Common Vein of Party-Malice pleases to lay it; but I presume this Pointing, which we are upon, and which we have her Majesty's Authority for, will fairly furnish us with Negatives, and turn our Eyes from the Innocent; it would be very hard, if pointing due North, should not clear our Heads of Suspicions of any thing from the South; when 'tis trac'd so near as to look in the Faces of the Persons, it must look off of those we thought of before.
- *在我們這個時代，Calumny將軍很容易就能解決醜聞，因為只有在共同的惡毒黨 - 惡意才能打好它; 但我認為，我們正在進行的，我們有她的陛下權威的指點，將公平地給我們帶來負面影響，把我們的眼睛從無辜的人身上移開; 如果指向北方的話，這將是非常困難的，不應該清除我們懷疑南方有任何事情的首腦; 當人們對這些人的面孔進行追踪時，它必須從我們以前想到的那些人身上看出來。

3:71

2. A Moral Certainty will lead us to make Moral Observations upon the Persons pointed at, and justify the Charity of the Censure also; since 'tis very plain, by this Pamphlet, what the Party design'd in another famous Affair, which has made so much Noise in the World, vulgarly call'd Tacking.

Now if Tacking and Memorial making happen to come into the same Class in their Contrivers, I cannot think we break in upon our Manners, or our Justice, to conclude, They join in the Intention, and point to the same End.

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3. Some honest Gentlemen, who have been long halting between two Opinions, that always were charm'd with the Eloquence, Arguments, and softness in Stile, peculiar to a certain Writing-Knight of Tacking-Fame,5
- 5 a certain Writing-Knight of Tacking-Tame: Sir Humphrey Mackworth (see note 3 at 1 January 1706), a firm Tory who had voted for the occasional conformity bill and the Tack in 1704. For Mackworth's reputation for humbug see note 1 at 27 March 1705 (volume 2, p. 63).

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will now begin to see what Company they keep, and be more wary for the future. There are a great many more Good Ends to be answered, by so much Discovery as is already made; and if but a Prospect is yet of the Persons, It may be like a Ship coming home from a long Voyage, when they spy Land, tho' it be at a long distance; yet by Patience, a moderate Gale, and a steady Course, they come at last to the very point they steer for, and cast Anchor in the Bosom of their Harbour: Let us wait a litde; a Hare seldom stands long before the Hounds, when once they hunt in View.

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Review, Vol. Ill Numb. 12. 26 January 1706

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Perhaps these Gentlemen have taken more care to prevent our calling them F—s than K—s; and if there be some Men of the Long Robe among them, 'tis nothing but what ought to be expected; if they have not, I shall put some Body out of my Book, to put them in; but time will explain all this Riddle, and Patience will make uses of it; all that cannot yet be expected.

1. Gentleman: unidentified.

3 Message her Majesty has sent... about the Memorial: On 18 January 1706 Queen Anne sent a message to the House of Commons promising encouragement to anyone who discovered the author of the Memorial (see Review, vol 2, pp. 0000), to which the Commons replied by an Address of thanks. According to Boyer, on 15 January 1706 the Memorial printer David Edwards, under questioning, had named three members of the Commons as authors ('Mr P—ly, Mr. W—d and Sir H— M—'), but when no proof was forthcoming Henry Poley protested to the House 'That it was not usual to accuse Members of their House of being concern'd in any Thing to the Prejudice of the Government, without naming their Names' (Boyer, History, 4, pp. 218-19). Henry Poley (1654-1707), MP for Eye in Suffolk in 1689-95, West Looe in Cornwall in 1703-5 and Ipswich in Suffolk in 1706-7, was a High Church Tory. John Ward (1671P-1741), MP for Newton in Lancashire in 1703-15 and Thetford in Norfolk in 1715-22, was also a Tory at this time (but later joined the Whigs). The High Church champion Sir Humphrey Mackworth (1657-1727), MP for Cardiganshire in 1701, 1702-5 and 1710-13 and for Totnes in Devon in 1705-8, was a frequent target of Defoe’s criticism.

4 a Duke, a Doctor, a Tawyer, and a Poet. The 'Duke' was John Sheffield (1648-1721), created first Duke of Buckingham by Queen Anne in March 1703, who had resigned as lord privy seal early in 1705. The 'Doctor' was Dr James Drake (1667- 1707), who was also the Memorials most likely author. The 'Lawyer' was probably Henry Poley (see preceding note). The 'Poet' remains unclear.

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