Numb. 12. Saturday, January 26. 1706. [Heading as at 1 January 1706]
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3:68 去改變人民的衣裝習慣 我也不知道是不是好事 還是別去管比較好。 幻想 想像力 還是都不要去改變比較好。
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I cannot say it would be prudent, to reduce Habit, or Customs in Apparel to any stated Form; no, nor altogether to Suppress the Variety and Liberty we give to our Fancy, to guide, change, and direct our Customs in Apparel; what may be said to the thing as a Vanity, or Criminal Luxury, indeed I do not determine here;
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3:68 談到貿易時 就先把奢華的「小邪惡」放一邊。因為奢華產業雇用的人實在很多
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but speaking of Trade, Abstractedly consider'd, I am sure I am in the right, that a Limitation of Fashions, would be Ruinous and Destructive, not only to the particular Tradesmen, whose Employment lay in some Manufactures that were more than ordinarily affected by it; but to Trade in General, to the Gross of the Consumption, and to the General Expence.
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From hence 'tis plain, that in Scotland, in Spain, Portugal, and other Foreign Parts, where their Habits are National, known, constant, and without or with but small Variation; they never arrive to any considerable Magnitude in Trade;
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3:68 現在衣服被丟掉不是因為衣服壞掉,而是因為不再流行。
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the reason is plain, every one knows what to wear, Ascertains his Expence, and wears Garments to their due Extents; the Cloths thrown by in England not for their being worn out, but meerly for their being out of Fashion, is incredible, and perhaps are Equivalent to the general Cloathing Expence of some Nations. And this is a very Good Proof of the Justice of the Complaint of our Mercers, Lacemen, and other Shop-Keepers, whose Case I have a little consider'd, against the frequency and continuance of Publick Mourning.
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3:68 現在流行黑色的喪服,所以讓許多產業都只穿黑色的 反而傷害了許多產業。這是因為學習皇家服飾所導致的。 這反而壓抑惡我們的fancy and fashion.
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The Excess of that Unhappy Humour, for I can call it no other, was grown up to such a degree, that it was in a fair way to blow us all up in Trade, and for some Years together, we had such frequent and continued Publick Mournings, that Black seem'd the Universal Mode,
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多餘的Unhappy Humour,長大到這樣的程度,它是在一個公平的辦法來打擊我們在貿易,和多年在一起,我們有這樣的頻繁和持續的哀悼儀式,黑色是普遍模式,
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and all the Trades which depended upon Fancy, Fashion, and Gayety of Habit, began to be Threatned with a kind of Banishment, or being Voted useless in the Nation.
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3:68 有人會說貴的衣服
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Some have had the Vanity to say, it was a Modest Decent Garb, would prevent a great deal of Pride and Vanity, and the Luxuriant Excesses of the Age would receive a great Blow by it; and the Wise Arguments of a certain Gentleman,while the Committee of Parliament Examin'd this Case, were very significant that way;[1]
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3:68 驕傲 自愛 就是被流行所操控 模仿
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I confess, if our Pride and National Errors, lay wholly or chiefly in the Fashions of our Habits, Something might be said, but as we see the same Pride, Vanity, and Folly, in the Black Garb of a seeming Mourning,
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3:68 就算是換成黑色喪服 一樣的事情 驕傲 自愛還是存在
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and the Evil not a jot Cur'd, it would be a Novelty of Nonsence, to [69] keep the Vice, and lose the Trade too;
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Review, Vol. Ill Numb. 12. 26 January 1706
3:69 商人的抗議 完全正當沒問題。
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I cannot but therefore Acquiesce [默许] with the Case of the Tradesmen, own the Grievance to Trade is Intollerable, and merits the Consideration of the Government; and tho' some of the following Reasons are included in the Petitioners Case, deliver'd to the House of Commons, [2]
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I do not say these Heads contain all the Reasons, why a Regulation of Publick Mournings should be made; but as these are the most Essential Arguments, I believe they carry their own weight in them; and after they are consider'd, I shall proceed to Examine, what may be the most proper Remedies of this Mischief.
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3:69 喪禮太長了。 對於商業 等等都有影響。 像是商業的中斷等 對於需要工作薪水的窮人 很有傷害。
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1. These Mournings have of late been more frequent, and of longer Continuance than ever was known or practis'd; and the Humour daily encreasing, and the Prospect of its Continuance too great, the Grievance, which, when seldom happening, was but small, is become disasterous to Families, destructive to Trade, Ruinous and Intolerable to the Poor.
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3:69 這些哀悼儀式 對於許多行業都有傷害。 尤其對於某些有格外的傷害
3: 69 對很多產業都有傷害。 對於國家的商業 普遍 都有傷害。 (Lessening the General Expence)
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whereby they become the more a Grievance. A General Blow to Trade is felt by all the Parts, and every one bears their Share with the more Ease; but this entirely distresses some particular Manufactures, and is not at the same time advantageous to others, being in it self a Lessening the General Expence, which is the Life of Trade.
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3: 69 沒有人要穿我們的羊毛
3: 69 不只是羊毛,也因為這種對於亞麻 黑色的新需求 讓我們的絲織品等等銷量大量減低
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On the other hand, The Lessening the Consumption of Silk, Silver Thread, Hair, and other Foreign Goods, for which our Woollen Manufactures are exported, makes it plain, that these Mournings are in their Consequences fatal to the Woollen Manufactures in General. [3]
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3:69 所以許多行業都因此被傷害
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4. The respective Trades depending upon the Common Customs of Dressing and Fashions in Apparel, are exceedingly distrest, and in part ruin'd, Multitudes of Flourishing Families reduc'd, and a General Obstruction or Embargo laid upon their Employments.
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3: 69 很多行業因為庫存過多等等的因素而深受打擊
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5. 'Tis a most irreparable Damage to the Tradesmen and Shopkeepers, on whose Stocks the poorer sort of People are employ'd: who being oblig'd to provide large Quantities of Goods against the usual Season of Trade, by those unforeseen Accidents of Mourning, have all those Goods left on their Hands;
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3: 69 商品過季之後也就賣不出去了
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the Channel of Trade turn'd from them, and the Demand being quite of another Nature, their Stocks lye dead 'till their Goods become unfashionable, by which they are unavoidably ruin'd, the Trade it self render'd hazardous and precarious, and Men of Stocks discourag'd from adventuring to employ the Poor.
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Custom Review, Vol. Ill Numb. 12. 26 January 1706
3:70 這些人失業以後也都沒有別的工作可做, 這需要國家的協助
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6. The Condition of the Poor, who had their Employments and Subsistences under these Trades, is most sad and deplorable, and particularly deserves the Compassion of the Nation,
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3:70 他們失業 數以千地的人失去工作 這非常危險
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their Trade being lost, to which Thousands of them having been bred up, know not what else to turn their Hands to; the particular Advantage to the Nation by some of those Employments, in setting to work Children very young, Women, and impotent Persons, which cannot be done in other Works, exposes them to terrible Distresses and inevitable Poverty.
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3:70 窮人就業作為理由 就是 Defo最經常用來辯護的說詞。
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7. The Variety of these Trades, and the vast and incredible Number of Poor, who feel the miserable Effects of this Distress, are very considerable; such as all sorts of Silk-Weavers, Ribbon-Weavers, Silk-Throwers, Dyers and Spinners of Silk and Silver; together with the Merchants trading to Italy and Turkey, and the Woollen Manufacturers under them;
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the Fringe and Lace-Makers, Embroiderers, Thread-Men, Bone-Lace-Makers, Mercers, Lace-Men, Milliners「女帽販賣商」, Hosiers, &c. and by modest Computation above an Hundred Thousand Families of Poor employ'd by them, are the miserable Objects to move against this unhappy encreasing Custom, and the Starving Objects of Charity waiting for Redress of so ruinous a Disaster in Trade.
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衣服等上的緣飾製造商和鞋帶製造商,工、Thread-Men Bone-Lace-Makers, Mercers, Lace-Men,Milliners「女帽販賣商」 Hosiers。通過對成千上萬的貧困家庭的精心計算,這些可憐的人就會反對這種不幸福的生活習俗,以及那些等待救濟的慈善機構,他們正在等待著一場毀滅性的貿易災难。
MISCELLANEA
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I Would say nothing bitter in any Observation I shall make upon the Publick Affairs; but who can refrain noting the Behaviour of some Gentlemen upon the Message her Majesty has sent to the House about the Memorial, [3] and the Depositions on the Head pointing at, <&c.
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A fine way of fixing things upon Mankind, say our Gentlemen, by pointing at them; by which, when a whole Body is pointed at, any one may be meant, it had as good have been said, it pointed at somebody on the Exchange. Let us come to positive Proof, and bring them to justice; and when there is a legal Conviction of Fact, something may be said to it; but this is all raising Dust to point men out, and make them obnoxious.
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To this something may be needful to say; there are Legal Convictions, and Moral Convictions; Things may be brought to such a Certainty, that every Body may be Satisfied, the Fact is right plac'd, and yet no Legal Conviction be possible; the Law requires such Proof of Fact, as is by it self and its proper Rules prescrib'd;
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and a Man may be so Guilty, that the Judge on the Bench, nay, the very Jury themselves, may be satisfied of his Guilt, and yet the Judge, as Judge, who is to proceed according to Law, and the Jury, as Men sworn to go according to Evidence, be under a Necessity of acquitting him.7"
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Review, Vol. Ill Numb. 12. 26 January 1706
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And, Gentlemen, if this be not sometimes the Case, what shall we say for those Gentlemen that brought in the Bill of Attainder against Sir John Fenwick? That he was Guilty, no Man made a Question; but whatever Jury had tried him, whatever Judge had been on the Bench, must have acquitted him; because the direct Demand of the Law in Cases of Treason could not be answered, one of the Evidence having absconded.
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Upon this, the House suffered the Moral Assurance of Guilt to answer the Legal Assurance, and thought it sufficient to take away that Gentleman's Life. Now, tho' there will I hope be no occasion for making Precedents in this Case; nor am I speaking with relation to judicial Process, yet without doubt a Moral Certainty of Fact in the Case of the Memorial, will answer some Ends, if it will not answer others; For Example,
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1. If it will not bring the Offenders to Justice, it will wipe off the Scandal, and vulgar Suspicions, from those that have hitherto been suspected, which, as our State-Memorial, has observ'd lies between a Duke, a Doctor, a Lawyer, and a Poet;4
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General Calumny is too apt in our Age to fix Scandal just where the Common Vein of Party-Malice pleases to lay it; but I presume this Pointing, which we are upon, and which we have her Majesty's Authority for, will fairly furnish us with Negatives, and turn our Eyes from the Innocent; it would be very hard, if pointing due North, should not clear our Heads of Suspicions of any thing from the South; when 'tis trac'd so near as to look in the Faces of the Persons, it must look off of those we thought of before.
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2. A Moral Certainty will lead us to make Moral Observations upon the Persons pointed at, and justify the Charity of the Censure also; since 'tis very plain, by this Pamphlet, what the Party design'd in another famous Affair, which has made so much Noise in the World, vulgarly call'd Tacking.
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Now if Tacking and Memorial making happen to come into the same Class in their Contrivers, I cannot think we break in upon our Manners, or our Justice, to conclude, They join in the Intention, and point to the same End.
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3. Some honest Gentlemen, who have been long halting between two Opinions, that always were charm'd with the Eloquence, Arguments, and softness in Stile, peculiar to a certain Writing-Knight of Tacking-Fame,5
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5 a certain Writing-Knight of Tacking-Tame: Sir Humphrey Mackworth (see note 3 at 1 January 1706), a firm Tory who had voted for the occasional conformity bill and the Tack in 1704. For Mackworth's reputation for humbug see note 1 at 27 March 1705 (volume 2, p. 63).
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will now begin to see what Company they keep, and be more wary for the future. There are a great many more Good Ends to be answered, by so much Discovery as is already made; and if but a Prospect is yet of the Persons, It may be like a Ship coming home from a long Voyage, when they spy Land, tho' it be at a long distance; yet by Patience, a moderate Gale, and a steady Course, they come at last to the very point they steer for, and cast Anchor in the Bosom of their Harbour: Let us wait a litde; a Hare seldom stands long before the Hounds, when once they hunt in View.
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Review, Vol. Ill Numb. 12. 26 January 1706
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Perhaps these Gentlemen have taken more care to prevent our calling them F—s than K—s; and if there be some Men of the Long Robe among them, 'tis nothing but what ought to be expected; if they have not, I shall put some Body out of my Book, to put them in; but time will explain all this Riddle, and Patience will make uses of it; all that cannot yet be expected.
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3 Message her Majesty has sent... about the Memorial: On 18 January 1706 Queen Anne sent a message to the House of Commons promising encouragement to anyone who discovered the author of the Memorial (see Review, vol 2, pp. 0000), to which the Commons replied by an Address of thanks. According to Boyer, on 15 January 1706 the Memorial printer David Edwards, under questioning, had named three members of the Commons as authors ('Mr P—ly, Mr. W—d and Sir H— M—'), but when no proof was forthcoming Henry Poley protested to the House 'That it was not usual to accuse Members of their House of being concern'd in any Thing to the Prejudice of the Government, without naming their Names' (Boyer, History, 4, pp. 218-19). Henry Poley (1654-1707), MP for Eye in Suffolk in 1689-95, West Looe in Cornwall in 1703-5 and Ipswich in Suffolk in 1706-7, was a High Church Tory. John Ward (1671P-1741), MP for Newton in Lancashire in 1703-15 and Thetford in Norfolk in 1715-22, was also a Tory at this time (but later joined the Whigs). The High Church champion Sir Humphrey Mackworth (1657-1727), MP for Cardiganshire in 1701, 1702-5 and 1710-13 and for Totnes in Devon in 1705-8, was a frequent target of Defoe’s criticism.
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4 a Duke, a Doctor, a Tawyer, and a Poet. The 'Duke' was John Sheffield (1648-1721), created first Duke of Buckingham by Queen Anne in March 1703, who had resigned as lord privy seal early in 1705. The 'Doctor' was Dr James Drake (1667- 1707), who was also the Memorials most likely author. The 'Lawyer' was probably Henry Poley (see preceding note). The 'Poet' remains unclear.
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